Course Content
Orientation, introduction to the course
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1. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
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2. Research Methods in Human-Robot Interaction
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3. Smart Cities & HRI
The demand for city living is already high, and it appears that this trend will continue. According to the United Nations World Cities Report, by 2050, more than 70% of the world's population will be living and working in cities — one of many reports predicting that cities will play an important role in our future (UN-Habitat, 2022). Thus, as cities are growing in size and scope, it is shaped into complex urban landscape where things, data, and people interact with each other. Everything and everyone has become so connected that Wifi too often fails to meet digital needs, online orders don't arrive fast enough, traffic jams still clog the roads and environmental pollution still weighs on cities. New technologies, technical intelligence, and robots can contribute to the direction of finding solutions to ever-increasing problems and assist the evolution of the growing urban space.
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Human-Robot Interaction
About Lesson

Independent Samples t Test

The independent samples t test (also known as two-sample t test, or 2-sample t test) compares the means of two independent groups to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly different. 

The assumptions for using this test are: 

  • The dependent variable should be measured on a continuous scale (i.e., it is measured at the interval or ratio level).  
  • The independent variable should consist of two categorical, independent groups.  
  • You should have independence of observations, which means that there is no relationship between the observations in each group or between the groups themselves.  
  • There should be no significant outliers.  
  • The dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed for each group of the independent variable.  
  • There needs to be homogeneity of variances.  

 

For further reading about independent samples t test using SPSS, you may read this:

https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/independent-t-test-using-spss-statistics.php

or watch these videos for both one sample and independent samples t test: 

References 

Lazar, J. , Feng, J. H., Hochheiser, H.  (2017), Research methods in human-computer interaction: Morgan Kaufmann, 2017. 

Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R., 2008. Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis, third ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA. 

Dix, A. (2020). Statistics for HCI: Making Sense of Quantitative Data. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
 
Robertson, J., & Kaptein, M. (2016). An introduction to modern statistical methods in HCI (pp. 1-14). Springer International Publishing.
 
Larson-Hall, J. (2015). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R. Routledge.
 
Aldrich, J. O. (2018). Using IBM SPSS statistics: An interactive hands-on approach. Sage Publications.
 
Salcedo, J., & McCormick, K. (2020). SPSS statistics for dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
 

Sauro, J., and Lewis, J. R., (2016).  Quantifying the user experience: Practical statistics for user research: Morgan Kaufmann.